Monday, January 4, 2016
Source Analysis: Res Gestae
Res Gestae Divi
Augusti (The Deeds of the Divine Augustus)[1]
is an account of the life and accomplishments of Caesar Augustus, the first
Roman emperor. It was intended as a funerary inscription and was disseminated
throughout the Roman Empire after the emperor’s death in 14 C.E. The author of Res
Gestae was Augustus himself, and in so far as no writer of an autobiography
can ever be unbiased about his/her topic, Res Gestae is undoubtedly
biased and intended to promote an overwhelmingly positive view of the emperor.
One way of determining this intention is to examine the manner in which
Augustus portrays the increasing political power endowed on him by the Roman
Senate, government organs, and people. While Res Gestae offers the
impression that this power was offered rather than sought and accepted only
reluctantly, likely to maintain the appearance of democratic rule, the
historical record seems to disagree.
Augustus states in
the first paragraph, "the senate enrolled me in its order by laudatory
resolutions . . . assigning me the place of a consul in the giving of opinions,
and gave me the imperium."[2]
He states in the same paragraph that he acted as propraetor, then consult, and
then triumvir (with Marc Antony and Lepidus). However, much is omitted from this
account. For instance, Augustus omits that he staged funeral games for his
adoptive father Julius Caesar on borrowed money, essentially bribing Caesar's
troops for their support. These troops then demanded the role of consul for
Octavius (as Augustus was then known), essentially rendering the honor one that
was extorted.[3] Moreover, that Augustus
was made triumvir omits that, in receiving this role, he agreed to the
liquidation of 300 senators and 2,000 aristocrats, some of whom were his own
allies.[4]
Furthermore, in
Paragraph 7, Augustus mentions that he served as high priest, and in Paragraph
10, he adds, "I was unwilling to be high priest in the place of my living
colleague; when the people offered me that priesthood which my father had,
I refused it. And I received that priesthood, after several years, with
the death of him who had occupied it since the opportunity of the civil
disturbance."[5] Here, Augustus omits that
the high priest was his one-time co-triumvir Lepidus. Moreover, there is no
mention of Augustus's defeat of Lepidus after the latter's challenge in 36
B.C.E. nor of Augustus's subsequent banishment from Rome of Lepidus for the
remainder of Lepidus's life. In fact, Augustus does not mention by name Lepidus
at all: the Lepidus referred to in Paragraph 17 was great-nephew to the
triumvir. Nor does Marc Antony's name appear in Res Gestae
anywhere. By deleting the names of the people with whom he shared power
and from whom he eventually wrested it, Augustus gives the unrealistic
impression of unilateral achievement.
Finally, in the
penultimate paragraph before the Appendix, Augustus recounts that, "having
obtained all things by universal consent, I handed over the state from my
power to the dominion of the senate and Roman people. And for this merit
of mine, by a senate decree, I was called Augustus."[6]
On this point, Augustus grossly under-represents the extent of his power at
this stage. In fact, historians have traditionally marked the end of the Roman
Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire with this event. As historian
Garrett G. Fagan has written, "by means of this settlement, Augustus was
simultaneously commander, leader, [and] savior."[7]
Augustus’s account of this event is perhaps the greatest misrepresentation in
the entirety of Res Gestae of how he accrued his power.
In conclusion,
Augustus’s funerary inscription Res
Gestae provides an overwhelmingly biased account of the emperor’s life.
Particularly with regard to his amassing of political power, Augustus
consistently misrepresents this process, whether it is his role as triumvir,
consul, pontifex maximum, or emperor.
In this regard, Res Gestae is
ultimately more propaganda than autobiography, although, as noted, perhaps not
more so than other autobiographies – particularly those by politicians. More
than anything else, Augustus’s goal to maintain the appearance of democracy as
monarchy emerged was accomplished via this propaganda.
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